The neurotransmitters are molecules that play a key role in the development of mental processes and the normal functioning of the brain. Mostly, there are neuropeptides synthesized in minimal quantities, with intricate roles in various metabolic and neuroendocrine lines, which are the baseline of different studies in the field of neuroscience, which aims at the relationship between perception and action. Vasopressin and oxytocin are two neuropeptides with apparently common origin and structure, having different roles at the peripheral level. Vasopressin or the antidiuretic hormone acts to regulate water balance and determine peripheral vasoconstriction, and oxytocin influences the activity of uterine muscles and lactation. At the central nervous system, they act as neuromodulators in complex cognitive and behavioral processes, which is the main cause of psychogenic polydipsia or other autism spectrum disorders.

In the present paper, we aim to analyze the psychobiological impact of inadequate synthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin, as well as their involvement in various human affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes.